Hvac Companies Near Me: Find Reliable Heating & Cooling System Repair Work Near To Your Place

Types of A/c Repair Work Providers You Can Depend On

Ever questioned why your ac system unexpectedly stops blowing cold air on the most popular day of the year? Or why the heater seems to sputter more than warm your home when winter season bites? These recognize headaches for anybody looking for A/c Repair work Near Me. The difficulties don't stop there: unusual noises, varying temperatures, or ineffective airflow can turn comfort into chaos.

Fortunately, Bold City Heating and Air deals with these issues head-on, providing a spectrum of specialized repair work services that change discomfort into cozy relief. Bold City Heating and Air. Here's a look at the core services they master:

1. Cooling Repair Work: From refrigerant leakages to compressor failures, every component is inspected and fixed to restore cool air flow.
2. Heater Repair: Whether it's a defective thermostat or a broken furnace igniter, no cold night goes unaddressed.
3. Ductwork Repair work: Leaky ducts can squander energy and minimize indoor air quality. Repairing these concealed culprits is a game changer.
4. Thermostat Calibration: Precision in temperature level control ensures your system runs efficiently, conserving energy and cash.
5. Emergency HVAC Services: When your system fails all of a sudden, prompt repairs minimize downtime and discomfort.

Think of strolling into your home after a blistering day, greeted by a fresh, completely conditioned breeze. Or huddling on a wintry night, confident your heating will not betray you. These aren't simply dreams-- Bold City Heating and Air makes them truth with every repair.

Why settle for less when the finest a/c repair work near me can manage whatever from small glitches to major breakdowns? Bold City Heating and Air doesn't just repair systems-- they restore peace of mind and convenience to your home.

Typical HVAC Issues and Solutions

When your ac system sputters and stalls on the hottest day, it feels like deep space is playing a cruel joke. Among the most regular offenders? A clogged up air filter. Dust, family pet hair, and particles choke the airflow, requiring your system to work overtime and ultimately fail. Ever wonder why your energy expenses unexpectedly spike? That's your heating and cooling system gasping under pressure.

Bold City Heating and Air understands the subtle signs that often go undetected till it's practically far too late. A whisper of odd noises or a faint burning smell can signify internal problems that, if dealt with quickly, prevent pricey replacements.

Leading A/c Issues Translated

• Refrigerant leakages-- Unnoticeable yet impactful, these leaks weaken cooling efficiency and can harm the environment.
• Thermostat breakdowns-- Sometimes the culprit isn't the system but the brain behind it, misreading temperatures and sending combined signals.
• Frozen coils-- Frequently an outcome of bad airflow or low refrigerant, these icy transgressors stop cooling altogether.

Professional Tips to Keep Your System in Peak Forming

1. Change filters every 1-3 months; it's the easiest act with the greatest payoff.
2. Check condensate drains for blockages to avoid water damage and mold buildup.
3. Seal duct leaks to enhance efficiency-- sometimes a few inches of tape save you hundreds.

Have you ever saw your system cycling on and off like an anxious heartbeat? That short cycling is a red flag that Bold City Heating and Air quickly recognizes. Bold City Heating and Air. They dive deep, identifying with precision, guaranteeing your a/c does not just limp along however prospers. Their technique changes stress and anxiety into relief, turning technical headaches into cool convenience

Choosing a Trustworthy Heating And Cooling Repair Professional

When your ac system sputters out in the peak of summer, or your heater declines to warm a cold night, you do not just desire any service technician-- you desire someone who understands the heart beat of your home's a/c system. Not every technician has the knack for identifying the sly perpetrators behind inefficient cooling or heating. Imagine calling someone who patches the problem momentarily, only to have the system falter again days later. Discouraging, right?

Bold City Heating and Air knows that dependability isn't simply about appearing; it has to do with appearing ready. Their technicians show up geared up with diagnostic tools that dive much deeper than surface area symptoms, catching the true essence of the breakdown. They don't simply change parts; they unravel the story your system is informing. Have you ever questioned why your energy expenses increase inexplicably? In some cases, it's a subtle refrigerant leak or a clogged filter that's easy to neglect but expensive if overlooked.

Specialist Tips for Spotting a Competent HVAC Service Technician

• Accreditation and Licensing: Confirm credentials-- qualified pros back their work with recognized qualifications.
• Transparent Estimates: Search for clear descriptions, not vague quotes that evade the information.
• Diagnostic Method: Specialists use methodical checks-- no guesswork, simply precise problem-solving.
• Interaction Skills: Can they describe repair work without jargon? That's an indication they appreciate your understanding.
• Parts Quality Awareness: They must focus on long lasting parts, not quick repairs that fade fast.

Bold City Heating and Air grows on an approach that heating and cooling repair work is less about fast fixes and more about long-lived options crafted with care. They accept the intricacy of each system, turning what might appear like a challenging repair work into a smooth, transparent procedure. Like an experienced detective, they unravel the peculiarities of your unit, ensuring that your comfort isn't just brought back, however optimized.

Deciphering the Costs Behind HVAC Repair Work Providers

Ever noticed how a simple heating and cooling repair can sometimes spiral into a wallet-busting experience? The truth lies in the maze of concealed aspects that affect repair expenses. From the extent of the damage to the age of your unit, these elements weave an intricate story.

Think of a chilly night where your air conditioner sputters and fails. You require a/c repair near me, and unexpectedly, you're faced with a quote that feels like a puzzling puzzle (Bold City Heating and Air). What precisely drives these numbers?

Crucial Element Influencing Repair Expenses

• Intensity of the Problem: Minor problems like thermostat breakdowns cost less compared to compressor or coil replacements.
• Devices Age: Older systems typically need more substantial repairs or part replacements, which hikes the cost.
• Labor Intricacy: Difficult-to-access units demand more time and expertise, naturally increasing labor costs.
• Replacement Parts: Real parts versus generic ones, accessibility, and shipping can swing expenses widely.
• Emergency situation Service: Repair work done outside routine hours usually come with premium costs.

Bold City Heating and Air knows these complexities like the back of their hand. They've seen firsthand how a broken blower wheel or a stopped up condensate drain can turn into a pricey ordeal if ignored. Their service technicians do not simply repair-- they detect with accuracy, guaranteeing you pay for what's required, not a penny more.

Here's a professional tip: regular inspection of your a/c system's filters and condensate lines can prevent small concerns from growing out of control. Did you know a stopped up filter can require your unit to work overtime, causing wear that demands pricey repair work?

Does your heating and cooling repair work quote feel like a shot in the dark? Bold City Heating and Air's openness and proficiency light up the procedure, guiding you through what each cost implies. After all, comprehending these aspects can turn a stressful repair work into a workable financial investment in your house's comfort.

Trusted Air Conditioning Service in Jacksonville, FL

Jacksonville, FL is a vibrant city understood for its substantial park system, lovely beaches, and dynamic riverfront. As the most populous city in Florida, it provides a varied economy with strong sectors in financing, logistics, and health care. The city's warm environment makes effective and reputable heating and cooling systems necessary for homeowners and organizations alike to remain comfortable year-round.

For those looking for professional guidance and expert HVAC repair work near me, Bold City Heating and Air can provide a free consultation to assist attend to any cooling or heating issues efficiently. They are ready to assist with all your heating and cooling requires.

1. 32206: 32206 is a zip code covering a varied area of Jacksonville FL. It comprises Arlington, recognized for its mid-century architecture and convenient access to downtown.
2. 32207: The 32207 zip code is a zip code encompassing parts of Jacksonville's Southside, known for its mix of residential areas and commercial developments. It includes varied neighborhoods and easy access to major roadways. Jacksonville FL
3. 32208: 32208 is a zip code covering parts of Jacksonville FL's Southside, known for its mix of housing areas and business hubs. It also includes well-known spots like the Avenues Mall and adjacent business parks.
4. 32209: 32209 is a zip code enclosing sections of Arlington, a spacious and varied housing area in Jacksonville FL. It provides a mix of housing options, parks, and easy entry to city center.
5. 32210: 32210 is a vibrant neighborhood in Jacksonville FL, famous for its combination of residential areas and businesses. It gives a convenient location with quick access to major roadways and area resources.
6. 32211: The 32211 postal code is a zip code primarily covering the Arlington area of Jacksonville FL. It is a vast residential district with a mix of housing selections, retail businesses, and parks.
7. 32099: 32099 encompasses Ponte Vedra Beach, a shoreline community known for its luxury homes and golf courses. It provides stunning beaches and a laid-back, resort-like atmosphere.
8. 32201: 32201 is a city center Jacksonville FL zip code encompassing the urban core. It includes landmarks like the Jacksonville Landing and historic buildings.
9. 32202: The 32202 ZIP code is a lively neighborhood in Jacksonville FL, known for its historic allure and diverse community. It features a mix of homes, small businesses, and attractions.
10. 32203: 32203 is a zip code encompassing a big part of Jacksonville FL's downtown district and nearby neighborhoods. It includes many historic buildings, businesses, and housing areas along the St. Johns River.
11. 32204: The 32204 zip code is a zip code encompassing the neighborhood of Ortega in Jacksonville FL. It's a historic and affluent area known for its shoreline properties and oak-lined streets.
12. 32205: 32205 is a zip code encompassing a big portion of Jacksonville FL's urban core, incorporating the historic Riverside and Avondale neighborhoods. Recognized for its dynamic arts scene, varied architecture, and walkable streets, 32205 provides a blend of residential, business, and leisure spaces.
13. 32212: 32212 is a zip code covering parts of Jacksonville FL's Southside, recognized for its blend of residential areas and business districts. It offers a variety of homes, shopping, and restaurants.
14. 32214: 32214 is a zip code covering parts of Jacksonville's Southside, recognized for its combination of residential areas and commercial developments. It offers a blend of suburban living with convenient access to shopping, dining, and major roadways.
15. 32215: 32215 is a zip code covering a few neighborhoods in Jacksonville FL's Southside region. It is known as a blend of housing areas, business hubs, and closeness to important roads.
16. 32216: That ZIP code is a zip code covering parts of Jacksonville's Southside, known for its blend of residential areas and commercial developments. It offers a suburban atmosphere with convenient access to shopping, dining, and major roadways.
17. 32217: 32217 is a zip code encompassing a big portion of Mandarin, a suburb in Jacksonville FL famous for its picturesque waterfront views. It features a blend of housing neighborhoods, parks, and commercial developments along the St. Johns River.
18. 32218: 32218 is a zip code including parts of the Southside area in Jacksonville FL. It's a largely residential area with a combination of apartments, condos, and single-family houses.
19. 32227: The 32227 zip code encompasses the Jacksonville Beach area, providing a combination of housing neighborhoods and beachfront attractions. It's known for its laid-back shoreline lifestyle and popular surfing spots. Jacksonville FL
20. 32228: 32228 is a zip code covering the Jacksonville FL region. It's known for its sandy shores, vibrant boardwalk, and beachfront leisure pursuits.
21. 32229: 32229 is a zip code encompassing the Arlington area of Jacksonville FL. It's a big residential and business district located east of the St. Johns River.
22. 32235: 32235 is a zip code mainly covering the Arlington area of Jacksonville FL. It's a big residential area with a mix of housing options, retail, and commercial businesses.
23. 32236: 32236 is a zip code including the Oceanway and New Berlin neighborhoods in Jacksonville FL. It's a largely housing area recognized for its suburban nature and proximity to the Jacksonville International Airport.
24. 32237: That ZIP code is a zip code including a portion of Jacksonville's Southside area. It is known for a combination of residential neighborhoods, commercial centers, and closeness to the University of North Florida.
25. 32238: 32238 is a zip code encompassing parts of Jacksonville FL's Southside, known because of its mix of residential areas and business expansions. It includes well-known shopping malls, office complexes, and varied housing choices.
26. 32239: 32239 is a zip code including the Kernan area of Jacksonville FL. It is a burgeoning residential area with a blend of housing choices and convenient access to facilities.
27. 32240: 32240 is a zip code covering the Argyle Forest neighborhood in Jacksonville FL. This area is known for its welcoming atmosphere and suburban development.
28. 32241: 32241 is a Jacksonville FL zip code including the Southside Estates neighborhood. It is a primarily residential area with a combination of housing options and easy access to major roadways.
29. 32244: 32244 is a zip code encompassing the Jacksonville Beaches area. It includes Neptune Beach, Atlantic Beach, and some of Jacksonville Beach.
30. 32219: 32219 is a zip code linked with the Mandarin neighborhood in Jacksonville FL. It's a big housing location known for its mix of long-standing communities and newer developments.
31. 32220: 32220 is a zip code including the Argyle Forest neighborhood in Jacksonville FL. It's a primarily residential area known for its family-friendly atmosphere and convenient access to shopping and dining.
32. 32221: The 32221 is a zip code including parts of Jacksonville FL's Southside, known for its blend of residential areas and commercial developments. It includes neighborhoods like Baymeadows and Deerwood, providing a range of housing and retail options.
33. 32222: That zip code in Jacksonville, FL includes the Beach Haven and South Beach sections. It's known for its proximity to the shore and housing areas.
34. 32223: 32223 is a zip code including the tangerine neighborhood of Jacksonville FL. It's a large housing location known for its history, parks, and proximity to the St. Johns River.
35. 32224: 32224 is a zip code including Jacksonville Beach, a coastal community famous for its sandy beaches. Locals and visitors same enjoy surfing, angling, and a vibrant boardwalk scene in Jacksonville FL.
36. 32225: 32225 is a zip code encompassing Jacksonville FL's Southside area, known because of its mix of residential locations, business hubs, and closeness to the St. Johns River. It offers a mixture of suburban living with convenient entry to shopping, dining, and leisure activities.
37. 32226: 32226 is a zip code covering the Southside neighborhood of Jacksonville FL. It's a large, varied area known because of its commercial centers, residential communities, and proximity to the St. Johns River.
38. 32230: 32230 is a zip code covering the Jacksonville FL neighborhoods of Arlington and Fort Caroline. This area provides a mix of residential areas, parks, and historical sites.
39. 32231: 32231 is the zip code for Mandarin, a big suburban neighborhood in Jacksonville FL known because of its history and scenic views beside the St. Johns River. It offers a combination of residential areas, parks, and commercial centers.
40. 32232: 32232 is the zip code of the Kernan area of Jacksonville FL. It's a developing suburban community recognized for its residential neighborhoods and proximity to the beach.
41. 32234: 32234 is the zip code for the Mandarin community in Jacksonville FL. It is a large residential area known for its history, parks, and closeness to the St. Johns River.
42. 32245: 32245 is a zip code encompassing a few communities in Jacksonville FL, including the affluent Deerwood area recognized for its gated communities and the large St. Johns Town Center retail and restaurant destination. Locals can appreciate a combination of high-end living, retail accessibility, and proximity to major roadways.
43. 32246: 32246 is a zip code covering the Hodges Boulevard area in Jacksonville FL. It's a primarily residential area with a blend of home choices and business projects.
44. 32247: 32247 is a zip code encompassing the Mandarin area in Jacksonville FL. It's a big residential location famous for its historic roots, waterfront scenery, and welcoming environment.
45. 32250: 32250 is a zip code covering a part of Jacksonville's in FL Southside, known for its mix of housing areas and commercial developments. It includes parts of the Baymeadows area, providing a variety of housing options and convenient access to shopping and restaurants.
46. 32254: 32254 is a postal code covering parts of Jacksonville FL's Southside, known for its mix of housing areas and commercial developments. It includes the popular Deerwood Park and Tinseltown areas.
47. 32255: 32255 is a zip code encompassing various communities in Jacksonville FL's Southside area. It includes a mix of housing areas, business centers, and closeness to major highways.
48. 32256: 32256 is a zip code including sections of the Southside neighborhood in Jacksonville FL. It offers a mix of living spaces, shopping areas, and leisure activities.
49. 32257: 32257 is a zip code encompassing the Kernan and Hodges Boulevards region of Jacksonville FL. This region is recognized for its residential neighborhoods, shopping centers, and proximity to the University of North Florida.
50. 32258: 32258 is a zip code encompassing parts of Jacksonville FL's south side, known for residential sections and commercial projects. It covers communities like Baymeadow and Deer Wood, offering a blend of housing options and handy access to shopping and food.
51. 32260: 32260 is a zip code encompassing Jacksonville FL's Southside area. It includes a blend of residential areas, business properties, and proximity to the St. Johns River.
52. 32277: 32277 is the zip code for Jacksonville FL, a shoreline community known for its grainy shores and vibrant boardwalk. It provides a mix of residential areas, hotels, restaurants, and recreational activities.

• Downtown Jacksonville: Downtown Jacksonville serves as the central commercial area of Jacksonville, Florida, known for its vibrant mix of heritage architecture and state-of-the-art skyscrapers. It features artistic venues, parks along the water, and a range of dining and entertainment options.
• Southside: Southside is a lively district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its blend of residential communities, malls, and business hubs. It offers a mix of urban convenience and suburban comfort, making it a favored area for families and professionals.
• Northside: Northside is a large district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its varied communities and factory areas. It features a combination of residential neighborhoods, parks, and commercial zones, supporting the city's growth and development.
• Westside: Westside is a vibrant district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its varied community and strong cultural heritage. It features a mix of neighborhoods, shops, and parks, offering a distinctive blend of metropolitan and suburban lifestyle.
• Arlington: Arlington is a vibrant district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its blend of housing communities and commercial zones. It features green spaces, malls, and access to the St. Johns River, making it a favored area for households and outdoor enthusiasts.
• Mandarin: Mandarin remains a historic neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its scenic riverfront views and charming small-town atmosphere. It features lush parks, local shops, and a vibrant cultural heritage dating back to the 19th century.
• San Marco: San Marco is a lively neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its historic architecture and picturesque town center. It offers a mix of specialty shops, restaurants, and cultural attractions, making it a favored destination for residents and visitors alike.
• Riverside: Riverside is a dynamic community in Jacksonville, FL, known for its historic architecture and thriving arts scene. It offers a variety of distinctive shops, restaurants, and scenic riverfront parks, making it a well-liked destination for locals and visitors alike.
• Avondale: Avondale is a appealing neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its historic architecture and thriving local shops. It offers a combination of residential areas, trendy restaurants, and cultural attractions along the St. Johns River.
• Ortega: Ortega is a picturesque and picturesque neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its beautiful waterfront homes and tree-lined streets. It offers a charming blend of classic Southern architecture and contemporary amenities, making it a coveted residential area.
• Murray Hill: Murray Hill is a dynamic historic neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its appealing bungalows and diverse local businesses. It offers a blend of residential comfort and a lively arts and dining scene, making it a popular destination for residents and visitors alike.
• Springfield: Springfield is a heritage neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its charming early 20th-century architecture and vibrant community. It features a mix of residential homes, local businesses, and cultural attractions, making it a favored area for both residents and visitors.
• East Arlington: East Arlington is a vibrant neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its varied community and easy access to retail and recreational areas. It features a blend of houses, green spaces, and shops, making it a desirable place to live.
• Fort Caroline: Fort Caroline is a historic district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its extensive colonial history and nearness to the site of the 16th-century French fort. It offers a blend of residential areas, parks, and cultural landmarks that showcase its heritage.
• Greater Arlington: Greater Arlington in Jacksonville, FL, is a lively district known for its housing areas, malls, and recreational areas. It offers a combination of suburban living with convenient access to the Jacksonville downtown and beach areas.
• Intracoastal West: Intracoastal West is a dynamic neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its scenic waterways and nearness to the Intracoastal Waterway. It offers a combination of homes and businesses, providing a unique blend of urban convenience and natural beauty.
• Jacksonville Beaches: Jacksonville Beaches remains a lively coastal locale in Jacksonville, FL, renowned for its stunning sandy shores and peaceful atmosphere. It features a blend of residential neighborhoods, local shops, and fun things to do along the Atlantic Ocean.
• Neptune Beach: Neptune Beach is a charming coastal community located in Jacksonville FL, known for its gorgeous beaches and calm atmosphere. It offers a combination of living communities, local shops, and dining options, making it a favored destination for both residents and visitors.
• Atlantic Beach: Atlantic Beach is a coastal community located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its gorgeous beaches and calm atmosphere. It offers a blend of residential areas, local shops, and outdoor recreational activities along the Atlantic Ocean.
• Jackson Beach: Jacksonville Beach is a dynamic beachside community in Jacksonville, FL, known for its stunning beaches and bustling boardwalk. It offers a blend of residential neighborhoods, local shops, restaurants, and recreational activities, making it a well-liked destination for both residents and visitors.
• Baldwin: Baldwin is a modest community located within Duval County, near Jacksonville FL, Florida, known for its traditional charm and tight-knit community. It features a combination of residential areas, local businesses, and scenic parks, offering a quiet, suburban atmosphere.
• Oceanway: Oceanway is a living neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its residential atmosphere and kid-friendly amenities. It features a variety of housing options, parks, and local businesses, making it a popular area for residents seeking a community-oriented environment.
• South Jacksonville: South Jacksonville is a dynamic district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its housing areas and small businesses. It offers a blend of old-world charm and contemporary conveniences, making it a well-liked area for families and professionals.
• Deerwood: Deerwood is a well-known neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its luxury residential communities and well-maintained green spaces. It offers a mix of elegant homes, golf courses, and easy access to shopping and dining options.
• Baymeadows: Baymeadows is a dynamic district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its mix of residential neighborhoods and commercial areas. It offers a selection of shopping, dining, and recreational options, making it a favored destination for locals and visitors alike.
• Bartram Park: Bartram Park is a dynamic neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its up-to-date residential communities and nearness to nature. It offers a mix of urban amenities and outdoor recreational opportunities, making it a popular choice for families and professionals.
• Nocatee: Nocatee is a planned community located near Jacksonville, FL, known for its welcoming atmosphere and comprehensive amenities. It features green spaces, paths, and recreational facilities, making it a preferred choice for residents seeking a lively suburban lifestyle.
• Brooklyn: Brooklyn is a vibrant district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its historic charm and close-knit community. It includes a combination of houses, shops, and heritage sites that showcase the area's cultural wealth.
• LaVilla: LaVilla is a historical neighborhood in Jacksonville FL, known because of its extensive cultural legacy and lively arts scene. Once a thriving African American community, it played a significant part in the city's music and entertainment past.
• Durkeeville: Durkeeville is a historic in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its strong African American heritage and lively community. It features a mix of residential areas, local businesses, and cultural landmarks that demonstrate its deep roots in the city's history.
• Fairfax: Fairfax is a dynamic neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its historic charm and close-knit community. It features a mix of houses, small businesses, and green spaces, offering a welcoming atmosphere for residents and visitors alike.
• Lackawanna: Lackawanna is a living neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its peaceful streets and friendly atmosphere. It features a mix of single-family homes and small businesses, contributing to its close-knit atmosphere within the city.
• New Town: New Town is a historic neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, famous for its vibrant community spirit and rich cultural heritage. It includes a combination of residential areas, local businesses, and community organizations working to revamp and upgrade the district.
• Panama Park: Panama Park is a living neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its calm streets and neighborly atmosphere. It offers easy access to local services and parks, making it an desirable area for households and working individuals.
• Talleyrand: Talleyrand is a historic neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its housing charm and proximity to the St. Johns River. The area offers a mix of historic homes and local businesses, reflecting its rich community heritage.
• Dinsmore: Dinsmore is a residential neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its quiet streets and community-oriented atmosphere. It features a mix of single-family homes and local amenities, offering a suburban feel within the city.
• Garden City: Garden City is a thriving neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its combination of houses and neighborhood shops. It offers a friendly community atmosphere with quick access to city amenities.
• Grand Park: Grand Park is a lively neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its historic charm and diverse community. It features tree-lined streets, local parks, and a selection of small businesses that contribute to its friendly atmosphere.
• Highlands: Highlands is a lively neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL known for its pleasant residential streets and local parks. It offers a combination of historic homes and modern amenities, creating a welcoming community atmosphere.
• Lake Forest: Lake Forest is a living neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its calm streets and kid-friendly atmosphere. It features a mix of detached houses, parks, and local amenities, making it a desirable community for residents.
• Paxon: Paxon is a residential neighborhood located in the western part of Jacksonville, Florida, known for its mixed community and affordable housing. It features a mix of detached houses and local businesses, contributing to its tight-knit, suburban atmosphere.
• Ribault: Ribault is a dynamic neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its diverse community and homey feel. It features a mix of historic homes and local businesses, contributing to its unique cultural identity.
• Sherwood Forest: Sherwood Forest is a housing neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its tree-lined streets and welcoming atmosphere. It features a mix of old and new homes, offering a quiet suburban feel close to city amenities.
• Whitehouse: Whitehouse is a housing neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its peaceful streets and friendly atmosphere. It features a mix of single-family homes and local amenities, making it a favored area for families and professionals.
• Cedar Hills: Cedar Hills is a vibrant neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its multicultural community and quick access to local amenities. It offers a combination of residential and commercial areas, enhancing its energetic and inviting environment.
• Grove Park: Grove Park is a living neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its lovely historic homes and canopied streets. It offers a close-knit community atmosphere with easy access to downtown services and parks.
• Holiday Hill: Holiday Hill is a residential neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its peaceful streets and friendly community. It offers easy access to local parks, schools, and shopping centers, making it a desirable area for families.
• Southwind Lakes: Southwind Lakes is a living neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL known for its serene lakes and well-maintained community spaces. It offers a calm suburban atmosphere with easy access to local amenities and parks.
• Secret Cove: Secret Cove is a peaceful waterfront neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its calm atmosphere and scenic views. It offers a combination of residential homes and natural landscapes, making it a popular spot for outdoor enthusiasts and families.
• Englewood: Englewood is a lively neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its varied community and deep cultural heritage. It offers a mix of residential areas, local businesses, and recreational spaces, making it a active part of the city.
• St Nicholas: St. Nicholas is a historic neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its appealing early 20th-century architecture and dynamic community atmosphere. It offers a combination of residential homes, local businesses, and cultural landmarks, making it a one-of-a-kind and inviting area within the city.
• San Jose: San Jose is a lively district in Jacksonville, FL, known for its living communities and shopping zones. It offers a blend of suburban living with easy access to green spaces, shopping, and dining.
• Pickwick Park: Pickwick Park is a living neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its tranquil streets and neighborly atmosphere. It includes a mix of single-family homes and local amenities, making it a appealing area for families and professionals.
• Lakewood: Lakewood is a lively neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL known for its historic charm and diverse community. It features a mix of residential homes, local businesses, and parks, offering a welcoming atmosphere for residents and visitors alike.
• Galway: Galway is a housing neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its residential atmosphere and community-oriented living. It features a combination of detached houses and local amenities, providing a quiet and family-friendly environment.
• Beauclerc: Beauclerc is a living neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its quiet streets and welcoming atmosphere. It offers a mix of single-family homes and local amenities, making it a favored choice for residents seeking a residential vibe within the city.
• Goodby's Creek: Goodby's Creek is a living neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its quiet atmosphere and proximity to the outdoors. It offers a mix of suburban living with convenient access to nearby amenities and parks.
• Loretto: Loretto is a classic neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its appealing residential streets and welcoming community atmosphere. It features a blend of architectural styles and offers quick access to downtown Jacksonville and nearby parks.
• Sheffield: Sheffield is a residing neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its calm streets and community-oriented atmosphere. It features a combination of detached houses and local parks, making it a favored area for families.
• Sunbeam: Sunbeam is a lively neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its quaint residential streets and robust community spirit. It offers a combination of historic homes and local businesses, creating a inviting atmosphere for residents and visitors alike.
• Killarney Shores: Killarney Shores is a living neighborhood in Jacksonville FL, Florida, known for its tranquil streets and close-knit community. It gives simple access to nearby parks, schools, and shopping centers, which makes it a appealing area for families.
• Royal Lakes: Royal Lakes is a housing neighborhood in Jacksonville FL, known for its tranquil environment and family-friendly atmosphere. It features carefully maintained homes, local parks, and convenient access to nearby schools and shopping centers.
• Craig Industrial Park: Craig Industrial Park is a industrial and industrial area in Jacksonville, FL, known for its combination of warehouses, production plants, and logistics hubs. It serves as a vital hub for local businesses and contributes substantially to the city's economy.
• Eastport: Eastport is a lively neighborhood in Jacksonville, FL, known for its heritage charm and riverside views. It offers a blend of residential areas, local businesses, and recreational spaces along the St. Johns River.
• Yellow Bluff: Yellow Bluff is a residential neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its calm streets and close-knit community. It offers a mix of residential homes and local amenities, providing a pleasant living environment.
• Normandy Village: Normandy Village is a living community in Jacksonville, FL, known for its mid-century houses and family-friendly environment. It offers easy access to local parks, schools, and malls, making it a popular choice for residents.
• Argyle Forest: Argyle Forest represents a residential community in Jacksonville, FL, known for its kid-friendly atmosphere and easy access to shopping and educational institutions. It includes a variety of single-family homes, parks, and recreational amenities, which makes it a popular choice for suburban living.
• Cecil Commerce Center: Cecil Commerce Center is a big industrial & commercial district in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its prime location and extensive transportation infrastructure. It serves as a hub for logistics, manufacturing, & distribution businesses, supporting the local economy.
• Venetia: Venetia is a housing neighborhood in Jacksonville FL, known for its quiet streets and suburban atmosphere. It offers convenient access to local parks, schools, and shopping centers, making it a popular area for families.
• Ortega Forest: Ortega Forest is a pleasant housing area in Jacksonville, FL, known for its classic homes and lush, tree-lined streets. It offers a tranquil suburban atmosphere while being easily close to downtown Jacksonville.
• Timuquana: Timuquana is a living neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its peaceful streets and local parks. It offers a mix of single-family homes and convenient access to local amenities and schools.
• San Jose Forest: San Jose Forest is a housing neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its lush greenery and welcoming atmosphere. The area features a variety of single-family homes and local parks, offering a quiet suburban environment.
• E-Town: E-Town is a dynamic neighborhood located in Jacksonville, Florida, known for its diverse community and historic significance. It features a mix of residential areas, local businesses, and cultural landmarks that add to its unique character.

• Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens: This Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens showcases a wide collection of art representing different periods and cultures. Guests can also explore beautiful formal gardens with views of the St. Johns River in Jacksonville FL.
• Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens: Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens showcases a varied assortment of creatures and flora from across the globe. It provides interesting exhibits, instructive activities, and conservation initiatives for visitors of all years. Jacksonville FL
• Museum of Science and History: The Museum of Science & History in Jacksonville FL presents interactive exhibits and a planetarium appropriate for all ages. Visitors can discover science, history, and culture through engaging displays and informative programs.
• Kingsley Plantation: Kingsley Plantation is a historical site that provides a peek into Florida plantation history, including the lives of enslaved people and the planter family. Visitors can explore the grounds, including the slave quarters, plantation house, and barn. Jacksonville FL
• Fort Caroline National Memorial: Fort Caroline National Memorial celebrates the 16th-century French endeavor to establish a colony in Florida. It provides exhibits and trails investigating the history and natural environment of the area in Jacksonville FL.
• Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve: Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve protects one of the remaining pristine coastal marshes on the Atlantic Coast. It maintains the history of the Timucuan Indians, European explorers, and plantation owners.
• Friendship Fountain: Friendship Fountain is a large, famous water fountain in Jacksonville FL. It features remarkable water shows and lights, making it a popular attraction and place to gather.
• Riverside Arts Market: Riverside Arts Market in Jacksonville FL, is a lively week-to-week arts and crafts market beneath the Fuller Warren Bridge. It features local craftspeople, on-stage music, food vendors, and a stunning view of the St. Johns River.
• San Marco Square: San Marco Square is a charming shopping and eating area with a European-style atmosphere. It is known for its exclusive boutiques, eateries, and the well-known fountain with lions. Jacksonville FL
• St Johns Town Center: St. Johns Town Center is an high-end open-air shopping mall in Jacksonville FL, showcasing a mix of high-end retailers, popular brands, and eateries. It's a premier spot for purchasing, eating, and recreation in Northeast FL.
• Avondale Historic District: Avondale Historic District showcases delightful early 20th-century architecture and unique shops. It's a dynamic neighborhood recognized for its local restaurants and historic character. Jacksonville FL
• Treaty Oak Park: Treaty Oak Park is a beautiful green space in Jacksonville FL, home to a giant, ancient oak tree. The park provides a peaceful retreat with trails and breathtaking views of the St. Johns River.
• Little Talbot Island State Park: Little Talbot Island State Park in Jacksonville FL provides pristine beaches and varied ecosystems. Guests can experience things to do such as hiking, camping, and wildlife viewing in this natural shoreline environment.
• Big Talbot Island State Park: Big Talbot Island State Park in Jacksonville FL, offers breathtaking shoreline scenery and varied habitats for nature enthusiasts. Explore the unique boneyard beach, hike scenic trails, and watch abundant wildlife in this beautiful natural preserve.
• Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park: Kathryn Abbey Hanna Park in Jacksonville FL, offers a beautiful beach, forested trails, and a 60-acre freshwater lake for recreation. It's a popular place for camping, surfing, kayaking, and biking.
• Jacksonville Arboretum and Gardens: Jacksonville Arboretum & Gardens provides a lovely natural getaway with multiple paths and specialty gardens. Guests can discover a variety of plant life and savor tranquil outside recreation.
• Memorial Park: Memorial Park is a 5.25-acre area that acts as a tribute to the more than 1,200 Floridians who lost their lives in World War I. The area includes a statue, reflecting pool, and gardens, providing a space for memory and thought. Jacksonville FL
• Hemming Park: Hemming Park is Jacksonville FL's most ancient park, a historic open square hosting events, markets, and community gatherings. It provides a lush space in the center of downtown with art installations and a vibrant atmosphere.
• Metropolitan Park: Metropolitan Park in Jacksonville FL provides a beautiful waterfront setting for events and leisure. With playgrounds, a music stage, and picturesque vistas, it is a favorite spot for residents and visitors alike.
• Confederate Park: Confederate Park in Jacksonville FL, was originally designated to pay tribute to Confederate soldiers and sailors. It has since been renamed and repurposed as a space for community events and recreation.
• Beaches Museum and History Park: Beaches Museum and History Park protects and communicates the unique history of Jacksonville's beaches. Investigate exhibits on local life-saving, surfing, and early beach communities.
• Atlantic Beach: Atlantic Beach offers a lovely seaside area with beautiful beaches and a relaxed atmosphere. Guests can experience surfing, swimming, and discovering local shops and restaurants near Jacksonville FL.
• Neptune Beach: Neptune Beach provides a traditional Florida beach town experience with its sandy beaches and laid-back vibe. Guests can partake in surfing, swimming, and discovering nearby shops and restaurants in Jacksonville FL.
• Jacksonville Beach: Jacksonville Beach is a lively shoreline city known because of its sandy beaches and surfing scene. It provides a mix of leisure activities, restaurants, and nightlife beside the Atlantic Ocean.
• Huguenot Memorial Park: Huguenot Memorial Park offers a stunning beachfront spot with opportunities for camping, fishing, and birdwatching. Guests can appreciate the natural charm of the region with its diverse wildlife and scenic coastal views in Jacksonville FL.
• Castaway Island Preserve: Castaway Island Preserve in Jacksonville FL, offers scenic paths and walkways through varied ecosystems. Guests can enjoy nature walks, bird watching, and exploring the splendor of the shoreline environment.
• Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park: Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park in Jacksonville FL protects the dirt remains of a Civil War Southern fort. Guests can discover the historical location and discover regarding its meaning through informative displays.
• Mandarin Museum & Historical Society: The Mandarin Museum & Historical Society safeguards the history of the Mandarin within Jacksonville FL. Visitors can explore displays and artifacts that highlight the location's special history.
• Museum of Southern History: The Museum of Southern History exhibits relics and displays related to the history and culture of the Southern United States. Guests can investigate a range of topics, such as the Civil War, slavery, and Southern art and literature. Jacksonville FL
• The Catty Shack Ranch Wildlife Sanctuary: The Catty Shack Ranch Wildlife Sanctuary in Jacksonville FL, offers escorted foot tours to see saved big cats and other uncommon animals. It's a not-for-profit organization dedicated to providing a secure, loving, forever home for these animals.

Bold City Heating & Air

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8400 Baymeadows Way Suite 1, Jacksonville, FL 32256, United States

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That Florida sun? It doesn’t play. Prepping your HVAC system now means cool breezes later. Clean filters ✔️ Check refrigerant ✔️ Program thermostats ✔️ 🔥 Be heatwave-ready with Bold City Heating & Air! Book your seasonal check-up and beat the summer rush!

3 days ago

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Randolph and the crew were so nice and they did a AWESOME Job of putting in new ductwork & installation. Great group of guys. RT would answer any questions you had. Felt comfortable with them in my home. From the girl at the front desk to everyone involved Thank You!! I Appreciate you all. I definitely would recommend this company to anyone 😊

a year ago

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Why would an AC heater not be turning on?

An AC heater may not turn on due to power issues like tripped circuit breakers, blown fuses, or loose wiring, thermostat problems such as dead batteries, incorrect settings, or a faulty unit, or safety features engaging due to clogged filte …

6 months ago

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4.9

1,687 reviews

"Best price and service I have ever had with an HVAC partner"

"Excellent workmanship, knowledgeable, friendly staff from owner to employees."

"They’ve been charging the service contract now the unit does not work."

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Abe Fernandez

11 reviews · 11 photos

a week ago

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DO NOT HIRE THIS COMPANY. TOOK THEM TO COURT AND WON!

We hired Bold City Heating and Air to replace all our air ducts, and the work they performed was shockingly defective. After the job was done we noticed that … More

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Kenneth Jefferson

5 reviews · 3 photos

2 months ago

Jacob; Ben & Josie were very professional and efficient. If I could give 10 stars I would. Very knowledgeable and they kept me informed throughout the whole process of my complete AC installation. The entire process was easy with Bold City … More

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Response from the owner 2 months ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, Kenneth & Monique! We're thrilled to hear that Jacob, Ben, and Josie provided you with professional and efficient service during your complete AC installation. At Bold City Heating & Air, … More

WILLIAM MOSIER

2 reviews · 4 photos

a month ago

Crew showed up on time got done earlier than expected. Everything was clean. They were quiet. I was able to work throughout the day while they were installing. Couldn’t have been more perfect. Happy with the service.

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Response from the owner a month ago

Thank you so much for your fantastic 5-star review, William! We're thrilled to hear that our team at Bold City Heating & Air made the installation process seamless and respectful of your work day. We appreciate your support and are glad you’re happy with our service! Let us know if you need anything else in the future!

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Bold City Heating & Air

HVAC & Air Conditioning Repair in Jacksonville, FL

Bold City offers premium HVAC service and competitive pricing to the Jacksonville, Jacksonville Beaches and Ponte Vedra areas.

24/7 Fast and Reliable. Jacksonville Grown. Family Owned & Operated.

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Summer HVAC Tune Up for Just $89

Get your system ready for the heat!

We’ll inspect, clean, and fine tune your HVAC to boost efficiency, prevent breakdowns, and keep you cool all season long.

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Jacksonville’s Best HVAC Company

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At Bold City Heating & Air, we offer our customers exceptional service when it comes to HVAC in Jacksonville, FL.

From heating and cooling repairs to energy-efficient HVAC installations that save you money, we do it all. When we opened our family-owned business in 2016, we knew we wanted to be the best around and that’s a passion that still stands.

From the moment you call us to the moment we carry out our work, you can depend on us. We believe in clear upfront pricing, no hidden costs, and the highest level of workmanship. With our NATE-certified technicians and Energy Star systems we give you the perfect combination of choice, value, and customer care.
“Experience the Bold Difference” that is Bold City Heating & Air by calling us today!

We Believe In:

Clear Upfront Pricing

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Trusted Heating and Air Pros in Jacksonville

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When it comes to heating and air services in Jacksonville, we offer all the services you need under one roof. But that’s not where our story ends.

From your HVAC system to your ducts and indoor air quality we offer a complete end-to-end solution. Our team is at the heart of everything we do. Our continuous program of education and training ensures our technicians are the best they can be. It also means our entire team stays up to date with the latest systems and technology. From our Energy Star systems to our whole-house approach, you can depend on every service and product we have to offer.

Our educated and experienced HVAC technicians specialize in a broad range of air conditioning, heating & indoor air quality solutions. We are dedicated to finding the right fit for your home or business. Our broad range of expertise ensures a solution to every challenge.

Satisfaction Guaranteed

Prioritizing satisfaction, Bold City Heating & Air exemplifies customer service.

Our Team Will:

• Keep Your Informed
• Target Your Goals

• Provide Honest Answers

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Heating

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Number One For Heating & Cooling

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Keeping you comfortable is our top priority!

When you need an HVAC contractor backed by generations of experience and who truly cares about your satisfaction, turn to Bold City Heating & Air. From air conditioning repairs to the installation of a new energy-efficient heating system, you can depend on our team. We’ll get to you as quickly as we can to solve any problem you might be experiencing.

If you need help with HVAC installation or replacement, we’ll recommend the perfect system and provide you with a competitive quote. We’ll help you to save money on your energy costs going forward and can even help with financing on approved credit.

Jacksonville Grown. Family Owned & Operated.

See What Our Customers Are Saying About Us!

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Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

Another excellent job by Bold City. Bryan was on time, thorough, explained his analysis and solution, and completed the job. He demonstrated knowledge and expertise while providing a high level of customer service. Well done!!

John L.

Recently moved here from MD and was not familiar with the heating/AC unit. Bold City, especially Sam Powel, has been VERY helpful. In our short time here in FL, we have recommended Bold City to acquaintances numerous times, and will continue to do so.

Paul G.

An HVAC Team You Can Trust

---

When you’re looking for an HVAC company that you can count on, look no further than Bold City Heating & Air.

Why not try out our award-winning service for yourself? We promise to never give you the upsell. Our technicians don’t get paid commission and we don’t focus on profit margins. We know that if we give our customers the best service, our profits will look after themselves. Whether you’re looking for heating and cooling repairs in Jacksonville or you need HVAC installation or maintenance, speak to our friendly family-owned team.

We’re proud to offer our high quality HVAC services to the residents of Jacksonville. Contact our team at Bold City Heating & Air today and experience our great service for yourself!

Contact Your Bold City Specialist Today

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Air conditioning

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about cooling of air. For the Curved Air album, see Air Conditioning (album). For a similar device capable of both cooling and heating, see Heat pump.

"a/c" redirects here. For the abbreviation used in banking and book-keeping, see Account (disambiguation). For other uses, see AC.

There are various types of air conditioners. Popular examples include: Window-mounted air conditioner (China, 2023); Ceiling-mounted cassette air conditioner (China, 2023); Wall-mounted air conditioner (Japan, 2020); Ceiling-mounted console (Also called ceiling suspended) air conditioner (China, 2023); and portable air conditioner (Vatican City, 2018).

Air conditioning, often abbreviated as A/C (US) or air con (UK),^[1] is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space to achieve a more comfortable interior temperature and in some cases also controlling the humidity of internal air. Air conditioning can be achieved using a mechanical 'air conditioner' or through other methods, including passive cooling and ventilative cooling.^[2][3] Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems and techniques that provide heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC).^[4] Heat pumps are similar in many ways to air conditioners but use a reversing valve, allowing them to both heat and cool an enclosed space.^[5]

Air conditioners, which typically use vapor-compression refrigeration, range in size from small units used in vehicles or single rooms to massive units that can cool large buildings.^[6] Air source heat pumps, which can be used for heating as well as cooling, are becoming increasingly common in cooler climates.

Air conditioners can reduce mortality rates due to higher temperature.^[7] According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used globally in 2016.^[8] The United Nations called for the technology to be made more sustainable to mitigate climate change and for the use of alternatives, like passive cooling, evaporative cooling, selective shading, windcatchers, and better thermal insulation.

History

[edit]

Air conditioning dates back to prehistory.^[9] Double-walled living quarters, with a gap between the two walls to encourage air flow, were found in the ancient city of Hamoukar, in modern Syria.^[10] Ancient Egyptian buildings also used a wide variety of passive air-conditioning techniques.^[11] These became widespread from the Iberian Peninsula through North Africa, the Middle East, and Northern India.^[12]

Passive techniques remained widespread until the 20th century when they fell out of fashion and were replaced by powered air conditioning. Using information from engineering studies of traditional buildings, passive techniques are being revived and modified for 21st-century architectural designs.^[13][12]

Air conditioners allow the building's indoor environment to remain relatively constant, largely independent of changes in external weather conditions and internal heat loads. They also enable deep plan buildings to be created and have allowed people to live comfortably in hotter parts of the world.^[14]

Development

[edit]

Preceding discoveries

[edit]

In 1558, Giambattista della Porta described a method of chilling ice to temperatures far below its freezing point by mixing it with potassium nitrate (then called "nitre") in his popular science book Natural Magic.^[15][16][17] In 1620, Cornelis Drebbel demonstrated "Turning Summer into Winter" for James I of England, chilling part of the Great Hall of Westminster Abbey with an apparatus of troughs and vats.^[18] Drebbel's contemporary Francis Bacon, like della Porta a believer in science communication, may not have been present at the demonstration, but in a book published later the same year, he described it as "experiment of artificial freezing" and said that "Nitre (or rather its spirit) is very cold, and hence nitre or salt when added to snow or ice intensifies the cold of the latter, the nitre by adding to its cold, but the salt by supplying activity to the cold of the snow."^[15]

In 1758, Benjamin Franklin and John Hadley, a chemistry professor at the University of Cambridge, conducted experiments applying the principle of evaporation as a means to cool an object rapidly. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that the evaporation of highly volatile liquids (such as alcohol and ether) could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They experimented with the bulb of a mercury-in-glass thermometer as their object. They used a bellows to speed up the evaporation. They lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to −14 °C (7 °F) while the ambient temperature was 18 °C (64 °F). Franklin noted that soon after they passed the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F), a thin film of ice formed on the surface of the thermometer's bulb and that the ice mass was about 6 mm (1⁄4 in) thick when they stopped the experiment upon reaching −14 °C (7 °F). Franklin concluded: "From this experiment, one may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day."^[19]

The 19th century included many developments in compression technology. In 1820, English scientist and inventor Michael Faraday discovered that compressing and liquefying ammonia could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate.^[20] In 1842, Florida physician John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients in his hospital in Apalachicola, Florida. He hoped to eventually use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings.^[20][21] He envisioned centralized air conditioning that could cool entire cities. Gorrie was granted a patent in 1851,^[22] but following the death of his main backer, he was not able to realize his invention.^[23] In 1851, James Harrison created the first mechanical ice-making machine in Geelong, Australia, and was granted a patent for an ether vapor-compression refrigeration system in 1855 that produced three tons of ice per day.^[24] In 1860, Harrison established a second ice company. He later entered the debate over competing against the American advantage of ice-refrigerated beef sales to the United Kingdom.^[24]

First devices

[edit]

Electricity made the development of effective units possible. In 1901, American inventor Willis H. Carrier built what is considered the first modern electrical air conditioning unit.^{[25][26][27][28]} In 1902, he installed his first air-conditioning system, in the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing & Publishing Company in Brooklyn, New York.^[29] His invention controlled both the temperature and humidity, which helped maintain consistent paper dimensions and ink alignment at the printing plant. Later, together with six other employees, Carrier formed The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America, a business that in 2020 employed 53,000 people and was valued at $18.6 billion.^[30][31]

In 1906, Stuart W. Cramer of Charlotte, North Carolina, was exploring ways to add moisture to the air in his textile mill. Cramer coined the term "air conditioning" in a patent claim which he filed that year, where he suggested that air conditioning was analogous to "water conditioning", then a well-known process for making textiles easier to process.^[32] He combined moisture with ventilation to "condition" and change the air in the factories; thus, controlling the humidity that is necessary in textile plants. Willis Carrier adopted the term and incorporated it into the name of his company.^[33]

Domestic air conditioning soon took off. In 1914, the first domestic air conditioning was installed in Minneapolis in the home of Charles Gilbert Gates. It is, however, possible that the considerable device (c. 2.1 m × 1.8 m × 6.1 m; 7 ft × 6 ft × 20 ft) was never used, as the house remained uninhabited^[20] (Gates had already died in October 1913.)

In 1931, H.H. Schultz and J.Q. Sherman developed what would become the most common type of individual room air conditioner: one designed to sit on a window ledge. The units went on sale in 1932 at US$10,000 to $50,000 (the equivalent of $200,000 to $1,200,000 in 2024.)^[20] A year later, the first air conditioning systems for cars were offered for sale.^[34] Chrysler Motors introduced the first practical semi-portable air conditioning unit in 1935,^[35] and Packard became the first automobile manufacturer to offer an air conditioning unit in its cars in 1939.^[36]

Further development

[edit]

Innovations in the latter half of the 20th century allowed more ubiquitous air conditioner use. In 1945, Robert Sherman of Lynn, Massachusetts, invented a portable, in-window air conditioner that cooled, heated, humidified, dehumidified, and filtered the air.^[37] The first inverter air conditioners were released in 1980–1981.^[38][39]

In 1954, Ned Cole, a 1939 architecture graduate from the University of Texas at Austin, developed the first experimental "suburb" with inbuilt air conditioning in each house. 22 homes were developed on a flat, treeless track in northwest Austin, Texas, and the community was christened the 'Austin Air-Conditioned Village.' The residents were subjected to a year-long study of the effects of air conditioning led by the nation’s premier air conditioning companies, builders, and social scientists. In addition, researchers from UT’s Health Service and Psychology Department studied the effects on the "artificially cooled humans." One of the more amusing discoveries was that each family reported being troubled with scorpions, the leading theory being that scorpions sought cool, shady places. Other reported changes in lifestyle were that mothers baked more, families ate heavier foods, and they were more apt to choose hot drinks.^[40][41]

Air conditioner adoption tends to increase above around $10,000 annual household income in warmer areas.^[42] Global GDP growth explains around 85% of increased air condition adoption by 2050, while the remaining 15% can be explained by climate change.^[42]

As of 2016 an estimated 1.6 billion air conditioning units were used worldwide, with over half of them in China and USA, and a total cooling capacity of 11,675 gigawatts.^[8][43] The International Energy Agency predicted in 2018 that the number of air conditioning units would grow to around 4 billion units by 2050 and that the total cooling capacity would grow to around 23,000 GW, with the biggest increases in India and China.^[8] Between 1995 and 2004, the proportion of urban households in China with air conditioners increased from 8% to 70%.^[44] As of 2015, nearly 100 million homes, or about 87% of US households, had air conditioning systems.^[45] In 2019, it was estimated that 90% of new single-family homes constructed in the US included air conditioning (ranging from 99% in the South to 62% in the West).^[46][47]

Operation

[edit]

Operating principles

[edit]

Main article: Vapor-compression refrigeration

Cooling in traditional air conditioner systems is accomplished using the vapor-compression cycle, which uses a refrigerant's forced circulation and phase change between gas and liquid to transfer heat.^[48][49] The vapor-compression cycle can occur within a unitary, or packaged piece of equipment; or within a chiller that is connected to terminal cooling equipment (such as a fan coil unit in an air handler) on its evaporator side and heat rejection equipment such as a cooling tower on its condenser side. An air source heat pump shares many components with an air conditioning system, but includes a reversing valve, which allows the unit to be used to heat as well as cool a space.^[50]

Air conditioning equipment will reduce the absolute humidity of the air processed by the system if the surface of the evaporator coil is significantly cooler than the dew point of the surrounding air. An air conditioner designed for an occupied space will typically achieve a 30% to 60% relative humidity in the occupied space.^[51]

Most modern air-conditioning systems feature a dehumidification cycle during which the compressor runs. At the same time, the fan is slowed to reduce the evaporator temperature and condense more water. A dehumidifier uses the same refrigeration cycle but incorporates both the evaporator and the condenser into the same air path; the air first passes over the evaporator coil, where it is cooled^[52] and dehumidified before passing over the condenser coil, where it is warmed again before it is released back into the room.^{[citation needed]}

Free cooling can sometimes be selected when the external air is cooler than the internal air. Therefore, the compressor does not need to be used, resulting in high cooling efficiencies for these times. This may also be combined with seasonal thermal energy storage.^[53]

Heating

[edit]

Main article: Heat pump

Some air conditioning systems can reverse the refrigeration cycle and act as an air source heat pump, thus heating instead of cooling the indoor environment. They are also commonly referred to as "reverse cycle air conditioners". The heat pump is significantly more energy-efficient than electric resistance heating, because it moves energy from air or groundwater to the heated space and the heat from purchased electrical energy. When the heat pump is in heating mode, the indoor evaporator coil switches roles and becomes the condenser coil, producing heat. The outdoor condenser unit also switches roles to serve as the evaporator and discharges cold air (colder than the ambient outdoor air).

Most air source heat pumps become less efficient in outdoor temperatures lower than 4 °C or 40 °F.^[54] This is partly because ice forms on the outdoor unit's heat exchanger coil, which blocks air flow over the coil. To compensate for this, the heat pump system must temporarily switch back into the regular air conditioning mode to switch the outdoor evaporator coil back to the condenser coil, to heat up and defrost. Therefore, some heat pump systems will have electric resistance heating in the indoor air path that is activated only in this mode to compensate for the temporary indoor air cooling, which would otherwise be uncomfortable in the winter.

Newer models have improved cold-weather performance, with efficient heating capacity down to −14 °F (−26 °C).^[55][54][56] However, there is always a chance that the humidity that condenses on the heat exchanger of the outdoor unit could freeze, even in models that have improved cold-weather performance, requiring a defrosting cycle to be performed.

The icing problem becomes much more severe with lower outdoor temperatures, so heat pumps are sometimes installed in tandem with a more conventional form of heating, such as an electrical heater, a natural gas, heating oil, or wood-burning fireplace or central heating, which is used instead of or in addition to the heat pump during harsher winter temperatures. In this case, the heat pump is used efficiently during milder temperatures, and the system is switched to the conventional heat source when the outdoor temperature is lower.

Performance

[edit]

Main articles: coefficient of performance, Seasonal energy efficiency ratio, and European seasonal energy efficiency ratio

The coefficient of performance (COP) of an air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to the work required.^[57][58] Higher COPs equate to lower operating costs. The COP usually exceeds 1; however, the exact value is highly dependent on operating conditions, especially absolute temperature and relative temperature between sink and system, and is often graphed or averaged against expected conditions.^[59] Air conditioner equipment power in the U.S. is often described in terms of "tons of refrigeration", with each approximately equal to the cooling power of one short ton (2,000 pounds (910 kg) of ice melting in a 24-hour period. The value is equal to 12,000 BTU_IT per hour, or 3,517 watts.^[60] Residential central air systems are usually from 1 to 5 tons (3.5 to 18 kW) in capacity.^{[citation needed]}

The efficiency of air conditioners is often rated by the seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER), which is defined by the Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute in its 2008 standard AHRI 210/240, Performance Rating of Unitary Air-Conditioning and Air-Source Heat Pump Equipment.^[61] A similar standard is the European seasonal energy efficiency ratio (ESEER).^{[citation needed]}

Efficiency is strongly affected by the humidity of the air to be cooled. Dehumidifying the air before attempting to cool it can reduce subsequent cooling costs by as much as 90 percent. Thus, reducing dehumidifying costs can materially affect overall air conditioning costs.^[62]

Control system

[edit]

Wireless remote control

[edit]

Main articles: Remote control and Infrared blaster

A wireless remote controller

The infrared transmitting LED on the remote

The infrared receiver on the air conditioner

This type of controller uses an infrared LED to relay commands from a remote control to the air conditioner. The output of the infrared LED (like that of any infrared remote) is invisible to the human eye because its wavelength is beyond the range of visible light (940 nm). This system is commonly used on mini-split air conditioners because it is simple and portable. Some window and ducted central air conditioners uses it as well.

Wired controller

[edit]

Main article: Thermostat

Several wired controllers (Indonesia, 2024)

A wired controller, also called a "wired thermostat," is a device that controls an air conditioner by switching heating or cooling on or off. It uses different sensors to measure temperatures and actuate control operations. Mechanical thermostats commonly use bimetallic strips, converting a temperature change into mechanical displacement, to actuate control of the air conditioner. Electronic thermostats, instead, use a thermistor or other semiconductor sensor, processing temperature change as electronic signals to control the air conditioner.

These controllers are usually used in hotel rooms because they are permanently installed into a wall and hard-wired directly into the air conditioner unit, eliminating the need for batteries.

Types

[edit]

Types	Typical Capacity*	Air supply	Mounting	Typical application
Mini-split	small – large	Direct	Wall	Residential
Window	very small – small	Direct	Window	Residential
Portable	very small – small	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Residential, remote areas
Ducted (individual)	small – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ducted (central)	medium – very large	Ducted	Ceiling	Residential, commercial
Ceiling suspended	medium – large	Direct	Ceiling	Commercial
Cassette	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Ceiling	Commercial
Floor standing	medium – large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged	very large	Direct / Ducted	Floor	Commercial
Packaged RTU (Rooftop Unit)	very large	Ducted	Rooftop	Commercial

* where the typical capacity is in kilowatt as follows:

• very small: <1.5 kW
• small: 1.5–3.5 kW
• medium: 4.2–7.1 kW
• large: 7.2–14 kW
• very large: >14 kW

Mini-split and multi-split systems

[edit]

Ductless systems (often mini-split, though there are now ducted mini-split) typically supply conditioned and heated air to a single or a few rooms of a building, without ducts and in a decentralized manner.^[63] Multi-zone or multi-split systems are a common application of ductless systems and allow up to eight rooms (zones or locations) to be conditioned independently from each other, each with its indoor unit and simultaneously from a single outdoor unit.

The first mini-split system was sold in 1961 by Toshiba in Japan, and the first wall-mounted mini-split air conditioner was sold in 1968 in Japan by Mitsubishi Electric, where small home sizes motivated their development. The Mitsubishi model was the first air conditioner with a cross-flow fan.^[64][65][66] In 1969, the first mini-split air conditioner was sold in the US.^[67] Multi-zone ductless systems were invented by Daikin in 1973, and variable refrigerant flow systems (which can be thought of as larger multi-split systems) were also invented by Daikin in 1982. Both were first sold in Japan.^[68] Variable refrigerant flow systems when compared with central plant cooling from an air handler, eliminate the need for large cool air ducts, air handlers, and chillers; instead cool refrigerant is transported through much smaller pipes to the indoor units in the spaces to be conditioned, thus allowing for less space above dropped ceilings and a lower structural impact, while also allowing for more individual and independent temperature control of spaces. The outdoor and indoor units can be spread across the building.^[69] Variable refrigerant flow indoor units can also be turned off individually in unused spaces.^{[citation needed]} The lower start-up power of VRF's DC inverter compressors and their inherent DC power requirements also allow VRF solar-powered heat pumps to be run using DC-providing solar panels.

Ducted central systems

[edit]

Split-system central air conditioners consist of two heat exchangers, an outside unit (the condenser) from which heat is rejected to the environment and an internal heat exchanger (the evaporator, or Fan Coil Unit, FCU) with the piped refrigerant being circulated between the two. The FCU is then connected to the spaces to be cooled by ventilation ducts.^[70] Floor standing air conditioners are similar to this type of air conditioner but sit within spaces that need cooling.

Central plant cooling

[edit]

See also: Chiller

Large central cooling plants may use intermediate coolant such as chilled water pumped into air handlers or fan coil units near or in the spaces to be cooled which then duct or deliver cold air into the spaces to be conditioned, rather than ducting cold air directly to these spaces from the plant, which is not done due to the low density and heat capacity of air, which would require impractically large ducts. The chilled water is cooled by chillers in the plant, which uses a refrigeration cycle to cool water, often transferring its heat to the atmosphere even in liquid-cooled chillers through the use of cooling towers. Chillers may be air- or liquid-cooled.^[71][72]

Portable units

[edit]

A portable system has an indoor unit on wheels connected to an outdoor unit via flexible pipes, similar to a permanently fixed installed unit (such as a ductless split air conditioner).

Hose systems, which can be monoblock or air-to-air, are vented to the outside via air ducts. The monoblock type collects the water in a bucket or tray and stops when full. The air-to-air type re-evaporates the water, discharges it through the ducted hose, and can run continuously. Many but not all portable units draw indoor air and expel it outdoors through a single duct, negatively impacting their overall cooling efficiency.

Many portable air conditioners come with heat as well as a dehumidification function.^[73]

Window unit and packaged terminal

[edit]

Main article: Packaged terminal air conditioner

The packaged terminal air conditioner (PTAC), through-the-wall, and window air conditioners are similar. These units are installed on a window frame or on a wall opening. The unit usually has an internal partition separating its indoor and outdoor sides, which contain the unit's condenser and evaporator, respectively. PTAC systems may be adapted to provide heating in cold weather, either directly by using an electric strip, gas, or other heaters, or by reversing the refrigerant flow to heat the interior and draw heat from the exterior air, converting the air conditioner into a heat pump. They may be installed in a wall opening with the help of a special sleeve on the wall and a custom grill that is flush with the wall and window air conditioners can also be installed in a window, but without a custom grill.^[74]

Packaged air conditioner

[edit]

Packaged air conditioners (also known as self-contained units)^[75][76] are central systems that integrate into a single housing all the components of a split central system, and deliver air, possibly through ducts, to the spaces to be cooled. Depending on their construction they may be outdoors or indoors, on roofs (rooftop units),^[77][78] draw the air to be conditioned from inside or outside a building and be water or air-cooled. Often, outdoor units are air-cooled while indoor units are liquid-cooled using a cooling tower.^{[70][79][80][81][82][83]}

Types of compressors

[edit]

Compressor types	Common applications	Typical capacity	Efficiency	Durability	Repairability
Reciprocating	Refrigerator, Walk-in freezer, portable air conditioners	small – large	very low (small capacity) medium (large capacity)	very low	medium
Rotary vane	Residential mini splits	small	low	low	easy
Scroll	Commercial and central systems, VRF	medium	medium	medium	easy
Rotary screw	Commercial chiller	medium – large	medium	medium	hard
Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	medium	high	hard
Maglev Centrifugal	Commercial chiller	very large	high	very high	very hard

Reciprocating

[edit]

Main article: Reciprocating compressor

This compressor consists of a crankcase, crankshaft, piston rod, piston, piston ring, cylinder head and valves. ^{[citation needed]}

Scroll

[edit]

Main article: Scroll compressor

This compressor uses two interleaving scrolls to compress the refrigerant.^[84] it consists of one fixed and one orbiting scrolls. This type of compressor is more efficient because it has 70 percent less moving parts than a reciprocating compressor. ^{[citation needed]}

Screw

[edit]

Main article: Rotary-screw compressor

This compressor use two very closely meshing spiral rotors to compress the gas. The gas enters at the suction side and moves through the threads as the screws rotate. The meshing rotors force the gas through the compressor, and the gas exits at the end of the screws. The working area is the inter-lobe volume between the male and female rotors. It is larger at the intake end, and decreases along the length of the rotors until the exhaust port. This change in volume is the compression. ^{[citation needed]}

Capacity modulation technologies

[edit]

There are several ways to modulate the cooling capacity in refrigeration or air conditioning and heating systems. The most common in air conditioning are: on-off cycling, hot gas bypass, use or not of liquid injection, manifold configurations of multiple compressors, mechanical modulation (also called digital), and inverter technology. ^{[citation needed]}

Hot gas bypass

[edit]

Hot gas bypass involves injecting a quantity of gas from discharge to the suction side. The compressor will keep operating at the same speed, but due to the bypass, the refrigerant mass flow circulating with the system is reduced, and thus the cooling capacity. This naturally causes the compressor to run uselessly during the periods when the bypass is operating. The turn down capacity varies between 0 and 100%.^[85]

Manifold configurations

[edit]

Several compressors can be installed in the system to provide the peak cooling capacity. Each compressor can run or not in order to stage the cooling capacity of the unit. The turn down capacity is either 0/33/66 or 100% for a trio configuration and either 0/50 or 100% for a tandem.^{[citation needed]}

Mechanically modulated compressor

[edit]

This internal mechanical capacity modulation is based on periodic compression process with a control valve, the two scroll set move apart stopping the compression for a given time period. This method varies refrigerant flow by changing the average time of compression, but not the actual speed of the motor. Despite an excellent turndown ratio – from 10 to 100% of the cooling capacity, mechanically modulated scrolls have high energy consumption as the motor continuously runs.^{[citation needed]}

Variable-speed compressor

[edit]

Main article: Inverter compressor

This system uses a variable-frequency drive (also called an Inverter) to control the speed of the compressor. The refrigerant flow rate is changed by the change in the speed of the compressor. The turn down ratio depends on the system configuration and manufacturer. It modulates from 15 or 25% up to 100% at full capacity with a single inverter from 12 to 100% with a hybrid tandem. This method is the most efficient way to modulate an air conditioner's capacity. It is up to 58% more efficient than a fixed speed system.^{[citation needed]}

Impact

[edit]

Health effects

[edit]

In hot weather, air conditioning can prevent heat stroke, dehydration due to excessive sweating, electrolyte imbalance, kidney failure, and other issues due to hyperthermia.^[8][86] Heat waves are the most lethal type of weather phenomenon in the United States.^[87][88] A 2020 study found that areas with lower use of air conditioning correlated with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] The August 2003 France heatwave resulted in approximately 15,000 deaths, where 80% of the victims were over 75 years old. In response, the French government required all retirement homes to have at least one air-conditioned room at 25 °C (77 °F) per floor during heatwaves.^[8]

Air conditioning (including filtration, humidification, cooling and disinfection) can be used to provide a clean, safe, hypoallergenic atmosphere in hospital operating rooms and other environments where proper atmosphere is critical to patient safety and well-being. It is sometimes recommended for home use by people with allergies, especially mold.^[90][91] However, poorly maintained water cooling towers can promote the growth and spread of microorganisms such as Legionella pneumophila, the infectious agent responsible for Legionnaires' disease. As long as the cooling tower is kept clean (usually by means of a chlorine treatment), these health hazards can be avoided or reduced. The state of New York has codified requirements for registration, maintenance, and testing of cooling towers to protect against Legionella.^[92]

Economic effects

[edit]

First designed to benefit targeted industries such as the press as well as large factories, the invention quickly spread to public agencies and administrations with studies with claims of increased productivity close to 24% in places equipped with air conditioning.^[93]

Air conditioning caused various shifts in demography, notably that of the United States starting from the 1970s. In the US, the birth rate was lower in the spring than during other seasons until the 1970s but this difference then declined since then.^[94] As of 2007, the Sun Belt contained 30% of the total US population while it was inhabited by 24% of Americans at the beginning of the 20th century.^[95] Moreover, the summer mortality rate in the US, which had been higher in regions subject to a heat wave during the summer, also evened out.^[7]

The spread of the use of air conditioning acts as a main driver for the growth of global demand of electricity.^[96] According to a 2018 report from the International Energy Agency (IEA), it was revealed that the energy consumption for cooling in the United States, involving 328 million Americans, surpasses the combined energy consumption of 4.4 billion people in Africa, Latin America, the Middle East, and Asia (excluding China).^[8] A 2020 survey found that an estimated 88% of all US households use AC, increasing to 93% when solely looking at homes built between 2010 and 2020.^[97]

Environmental effects

[edit]

Space cooling including air conditioning accounted globally for 2021 terawatt-hours of energy usage in 2016 with around 99% in the form of electricity, according to a 2018 report on air-conditioning efficiency by the International Energy Agency.^[8] The report predicts an increase of electricity usage due to space cooling to around 6200 TWh by 2050,^[8][98] and that with the progress currently seen, greenhouse gas emissions attributable to space cooling will double: 1,135 million tons (2016) to 2,070 million tons.^[8] There is some push to increase the energy efficiency of air conditioners. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the IEA found that if air conditioners could be twice as effective as now, 460 billion tons of GHG could be cut over 40 years.^[99] The UNEP and IEA also recommended legislation to decrease the use of hydrofluorocarbons, better building insulation, and more sustainable temperature-controlled food supply chains going forward.^[99]

Refrigerants have also caused and continue to cause serious environmental issues, including ozone depletion and climate change, as several countries have not yet ratified the Kigali Amendment to reduce the consumption and production of hydrofluorocarbons.^[100] CFCs and HCFCs refrigerants such as R-12 and R-22, respectively, used within air conditioners have caused damage to the ozone layer,^[101] and hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants such as R-410A and R-404A, which were designed to replace CFCs and HCFCs, are instead exacerbating climate change.^[102] Both issues happen due to the venting of refrigerant to the atmosphere, such as during repairs. HFO refrigerants, used in some if not most new equipment, solve both issues with an ozone damage potential (ODP) of zero and a much lower global warming potential (GWP) in the single or double digits vs. the three or four digits of hydrofluorocarbons.^[103]

Hydrofluorocarbons would have raised global temperatures by around 0.3–0.5 °C (0.5–0.9 °F) by 2100 without the Kigali Amendment. With the Kigali Amendment, the increase of global temperatures by 2100 due to hydrofluorocarbons is predicted to be around 0.06 °C (0.1 °F).^[104]

Alternatives to continual air conditioning include passive cooling, passive solar cooling, natural ventilation, operating shades to reduce solar gain, using trees, architectural shades, windows (and using window coatings) to reduce solar gain.^{[citation needed]}

Social effects

[edit]

Socioeconomic groups with a household income below around $10,000 tend to have a low air conditioning adoption,^[42] which worsens heat-related mortality.^[7] The lack of cooling can be hazardous, as areas with lower use of air conditioning correlate with higher rates of heat-related mortality and hospitalizations.^[89] Premature mortality in NYC is projected to grow between 47% and 95% in 30 years, with lower-income and vulnerable populations most at risk.^[89] Studies on the correlation between heat-related mortality and hospitalizations and living in low socioeconomic locations can be traced in Phoenix, Arizona,^[105] Hong Kong,^[106] China,^[106] Japan,^[107] and Italy.^[108][109] Additionally, costs concerning health care can act as another barrier, as the lack of private health insurance during a 2009 heat wave in Australia, was associated with heat-related hospitalization.^[109]

Disparities in socioeconomic status and access to air conditioning are connected by some to institutionalized racism, which leads to the association of specific marginalized communities with lower economic status, poorer health, residing in hotter neighborhoods, engaging in physically demanding labor, and experiencing limited access to cooling technologies such as air conditioning.^[109] A study overlooking Chicago, Illinois, Detroit, and Michigan found that black households were half as likely to have central air conditioning units when compared to their white counterparts.^[110] Especially in cities, Redlining creates heat islands, increasing temperatures in certain parts of the city.^[109] This is due to materials heat-absorbing building materials and pavements and lack of vegetation and shade coverage.^[111] There have been initiatives that provide cooling solutions to low-income communities, such as public cooling spaces.^[8][111]

Other techniques

[edit]

Buildings designed with passive air conditioning are generally less expensive to construct and maintain than buildings with conventional HVAC systems with lower energy demands.^[112] While tens of air changes per hour, and cooling of tens of degrees, can be achieved with passive methods, site-specific microclimate must be taken into account, complicating building design.^[12]

Many techniques can be used to increase comfort and reduce the temperature in buildings. These include evaporative cooling, selective shading, wind, thermal convection, and heat storage.^[113]

Passive ventilation

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive ventilation.[edit]

Passive ventilation is the process of supplying air to and removing air from an indoor space without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor space as a result of pressure differences arising from natural forces.

There are two types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings: wind driven ventilation and buoyancy-driven ventilation. Wind driven ventilation arises from the different pressures created by wind around a building or structure, and openings being formed on the perimeter which then permit flow through the building. Buoyancy-driven ventilation occurs as a result of the directional buoyancy force that results from temperature differences between the interior and exterior.^[114]

Since the internal heat gains which create temperature differences between the interior and exterior are created by natural processes, including the heat from people, and wind effects are variable, naturally ventilated buildings are sometimes called "breathing buildings".

Passive cooling

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Passive cooling.[edit]

Passive cooling is a building design approach that focuses on heat gain control and heat dissipation in a building in order to improve the indoor thermal comfort with low or no energy consumption.^[115][116] This approach works either by preventing heat from entering the interior (heat gain prevention) or by removing heat from the building (natural cooling).^[117]

Natural cooling utilizes on-site energy, available from the natural environment, combined with the architectural design of building components (e.g. building envelope), rather than mechanical systems to dissipate heat.^[118] Therefore, natural cooling depends not only on the architectural design of the building but on how the site's natural resources are used as heat sinks (i.e. everything that absorbs or dissipates heat). Examples of on-site heat sinks are the upper atmosphere (night sky), the outdoor air (wind), and the earth/soil.

Passive cooling is an important tool for design of buildings for climate change adaptation – reducing dependency on energy-intensive air conditioning in warming environments.^[119][120]

Daytime radiative cooling

[edit]

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) surfaces reflect incoming solar radiation and heat back into outer space through the infrared window for cooling during the daytime. Daytime radiative cooling became possible with the ability to suppress solar heating using photonic structures, which emerged through a study by Raman et al. (2014).^[122] PDRCs can come in a variety of forms, including paint coatings and films, that are designed to be high in solar reflectance and thermal emittance.^[121][123]

PDRC applications on building roofs and envelopes have demonstrated significant decreases in energy consumption and costs.^[123] In suburban single-family residential areas, PDRC application on roofs can potentially lower energy costs by 26% to 46%.^[124] PDRCs are predicted to show a market size of ~$27 billion for indoor space cooling by 2025 and have undergone a surge in research and development since the 2010s.^[125][126]

Fans

[edit]

Main article: Ceiling fan

Hand fans have existed since prehistory. Large human-powered fans built into buildings include the punkah.

The 2nd-century Chinese inventor Ding Huan of the Han dynasty invented a rotary fan for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and manually powered by prisoners.^{[127]: 99, 151, 233} In 747, Emperor Xuanzong (r. 712–762) of the Tang dynasty (618–907) had the Cool Hall (Liang Dian 涼殿) built in the imperial palace, which the Tang Yulin describes as having water-powered fan wheels for air conditioning as well as rising jet streams of water from fountains. During the subsequent Song dynasty (960–1279), written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used.^{[127]: 134, 151}

Thermal buffering

[edit]

In areas that are cold at night or in winter, heat storage is used. Heat may be stored in earth or masonry; air is drawn past the masonry to heat or cool it.^[13]

In areas that are below freezing at night in winter, snow and ice can be collected and stored in ice houses for later use in cooling.^[13] This technique is over 3,700 years old in the Middle East.^[128] Harvesting outdoor ice during winter and transporting and storing for use in summer was practiced by wealthy Europeans in the early 1600s,^[15] and became popular in Europe and the Americas towards the end of the 1600s.^[129] This practice was replaced by mechanical compression-cycle icemakers.

Evaporative cooling

[edit]

Main article: Evaporative cooler

In dry, hot climates, the evaporative cooling effect may be used by placing water at the air intake, such that the draft draws air over water and then into the house. For this reason, it is sometimes said that the fountain, in the architecture of hot, arid climates, is like the fireplace in the architecture of cold climates.^[11] Evaporative cooling also makes the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate.^[130]

Evaporative coolers tend to feel as if they are not working during times of high humidity, when there is not much dry air with which the coolers can work to make the air as cool as possible for dwelling occupants. Unlike other types of air conditioners, evaporative coolers rely on the outside air to be channeled through cooler pads that cool the air before it reaches the inside of a house through its air duct system; this cooled outside air must be allowed to push the warmer air within the house out through an exhaust opening such as an open door or window.^[131]

See also

[edit]

• Air filter
• Air purifier
• Cleanroom
• Crankcase heater
• Energy recovery ventilation
• Indoor air quality
• Particulates

References

[edit]

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